Locally Confined Primary Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate with Immunohistochemical Analysis.

A case of locally confined primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the prostate in an 85 years old male with complaints of retention of urine, dysuria and frequent nocturia is reported. On per rectal digital examination, hard nodular prostate of grade 3 enlargement was palpated. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 33.7ng/ ml. Chest x-ray and computed tomography of the pelvis was negative for metastatic disease. Hematological and biochemical investigations were within normal limits. Transurethral prostatic biopsy was done and histopathology revealed the diagnosis of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) with bilateral orchidectomy along with radiotherapy was selected as modality of treatment. After histopathological examination of TURP specimen with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain, a diagnosis of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of prostate was given which was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis.

Biochemical evaluation of the protective impact of silymarin against cyclophosphamide- induced hepatotoxicity in rats

This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of silymarin on the hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide [CP] in female albino rats. The results revealed that cyclophosphamide induced marked increase in relative liver weight and serum levels of ALT, AST and decrease in serum albumin level which were normalized by silymarin administration. Pretreatment with silymarin significantly attenuated cyclophosphamide-induced increases in malondialdehyde [MDA] in the liver homogenate. The results revealed that the activities of lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase [ACP], beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase [beta-NAG] and beta- galactosidase [beta-GAL] were increased significantly in CP-treated animals while pretreatment by silymarin caused marked attenuation in the increased activities of the three enzymes. Cyclophosphamide significantly decreased reduced glutathione [GSH], glutathione-s-transferase [GST] and glutathione reductase [GR] levels in the liver homogenate, while pretreatment with silymarin blunted the decreased levels of GSH,GST and GR. Our results revealed the potential hepatoprotective effect of silymarin against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity. So, it may be worthy to consider the beneficial use of silymarin as supplement with cyclophosphamide therapy

Serum enzymes changes after death & its correlation with time since death.

Estimation of time since death is one of the primary objectives of an autopsy. Forensic Scientists and researchers have been persevering hard to find out methods of accurate determination of postmortem interval since long. However, the concept of “Postmortem Clocking” so far seems to be a distant dream only. The favorite biological fluids, to study postmortem biochemical changes, have been those which withstand putrefactive changes for longer duration, like vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid etc. In blood, markers like electrolytes, urea, creatinine, glucose etc have been more commonly studied. Enthusiastic studies have been undertaken by various researchers to find out reasonably reliable methods of estimating postmortem interval by studying serial quantitative changes in serum levels of various enzymes and to extrapolate the data obtained therefore in terms of duration of death. However, the accuracy of such an opinion remains big area of concern even today, as the range of duration is mostly too wide to be practically useful.

Effect of methanol extract of panicum repens and cestrum parqui on some liver enzymes in schistosoma mansoni infected mice

The effect of methanol extract of Panicwn repens and Cestrum parqui on the infectivity of mice with S. mansoni cercariae and some liver enzymes in S. mansoni infected mice representing glycolytic, gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathway and also, liver function enzyme represented by Aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT], alanine aminotransferase [ALAT], acid phosphatase [ACP] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] were studied. The present results showed that a significant reduction in number of worm and ova count of infected mice pretreated with P. repens and C.parqui. The present results showed that a significant increase in glycolytic enzymes [PK, GPI and HK], acid phosphatase [ACP] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] were observed in both infected and treated infected groups, while lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT] and alanine aminotransferase ALAT enzymes activities showed significant reduction. Moreover, normal control mice treated with methanol extract of P. repens and C parqui showed no side effects of most parameters compared to the normal healthy control group. Hence, methanol extract of P. repens and C.parqui can be applied clinically as a prophylactic treatment against schistosomiasis together with the ideal anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel

Plasmodium berghei induced biochemical alterations in pregnant mice.

Malaria leads to pathophysiological and biochemical alterations in placenta and blood of pregnant mice. A significant decrease in the sugar, protein and lipid levels in the placental homogenate of pregnant-infected mice was observed compared to the pregnant mice. However, serum protein content was not altered much in the pregnant-infected mice as compared to the levels in control mice. The serum lipid level enhanced significantly in both pregnant and non pregnant-infected mice. The enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase altered significantly in malaria-infected placenta. Our study clearly highlights the possible role of these enzymes in damaging the placenta which in turn may jeoparadise the fetal growth together with altered biochemistry of placenta. Therefore biochemical along with pathological alterations occurring during malaria infection in pregnancy may account for compromised maternal fetal relationship.

Study of leukocytic hydrolytic enzymes in patients with acute stage of coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major killer worldwide. Atherosclerosis, which is the basis of CHD, is believed to be an inflammatory disorder. Though various aspects of atherosclerosis are extensively studied, leukocytic hydrolytic enzymes are not studied very well with respect to CHD. AIM: This study was planned to assess changes associated with leukocytic hydrolases in CHD patients. SETTING AND DESIGN: A tertiary care hospital; case-control study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 106 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 60 patients with unstable angina and 45 healthy controls were included in the study. Acid phosphatase, lysozyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and cathepsin-G levels were estimated from leukocytes. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical comparison of data was done using student's t-test (unpaired). Correlation difference was calculated by using Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Significantly higher levels of acid phosphatase, lysozyme, ADA with lower levels of cathepsin G in leukocytes were observed in CHD group. We also found significantly higher levels of serum MDA with lower concentrations of blood GSH in CHD group. In diabetic CHD group, significantly higher levels of leukocytic acid phosphatase, lysozyme, ADA and serum MDA with lower levels of cathepsin G and blood GSH were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that leukocyte hydrolytic enzymes, mainly acid phosphatase, lysozyme and ADA were more active in CHD patients and may contribute to inflammation related with CHD. Its also indicates that leukocyte cathepsin-G may have antiinflammatory role.

Comparison of in vitro characteristics of and experimental lesions produced by a clinical and an environmental isolate of Aspergillus flavus.

In the present study, two strains of Aspergillus flavus (one from a human corneal ulcer and one from the environment) were found to be strikingly similar in vitro in terms of thermotolerance, inability to grow in an anaerobic environment and in secreting proteinases; however, one obvious difference was that the clinical isolate produced 120 ppb of aflatoxin B1 in glucose salt medium while the environmental isolate did not produce this toxic metabolite. Alterations in the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutathione-S-transferase were observed in the liver, kidney and serum in an experimental rat model, irrespective of whether the animal had been challenged with the clinical isolate or the environmental isolate of A. flavus. In rats that had been challenged with the clinical isolate, a significant decrease in the activity of kidney ALP was noted, whereas in rats that had been challenged with the environmental isolate, the reverse was observed. While these differential alterations may have occurred due to differences in the toxin-producing ability of the two isolates, further investigation is warranted to clarify whether other phenotypic, or genotypic, differences are also involved.

Effect of co-administration of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) rich diet and alcohol in rats.

The effects of co-administration of a cassava rich diet and alcohol in rats were investigated. The animals were divided into four groups (1) Control, (2) Alcohol, (3) Cassava and (4) Alcohol + Cassava. Consumption of alcohol along with cassava reduced the alcohol induced toxicity which was evidenced by the lower activities of GOT, GPT, GGT, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver and serum of co-administered group. The pyruvate content in the blood increased while the lactate content, lactate/pyruvate ratio and the activity of LDH decreased in the blood due to co-administration. The blood cyanide content, serum thiocyanate content and the activities of rhodanase and beta-glucuronidase increased on co-administration. The histopathological studies also revealed that co-administration reduced the alcohol induced toxicity.

Histopathological, ultra-structural and histochemical studies on the liver of schistosoma mansoni infected mice under the effect of triclabendazole

The present work investigated the effect of the fasciolicidal drug triclabendazole [TCBZ] on the liver of S. mansoni infected mice. The drug was given to normal as well as to S. mansoni infected mice. The work included histopathological, ultra-structural and histochemical studies. In the normal liver TCBZ induced the formation of scanty foci of inflammatory infiltrate. No changes were observed at the subcellular level or in the hepatocytes enzymes succinic dehydrogenase [SDH] and acid phosphatase [ACP]. The liver of S. mansoni infected mice revealed the classical histopathological picture of schistosomiasis. After TCBZ treatment, the granulomata involuted revealing fibrous transformation. The ultrastructural of hepatocytes of S. mansoni infected mice revealed distortion of the mitochondria, increased number of lysosomes and obliteration of Disse space. These electron microscopic [EM] changes were less obvious after TCBZ therapy denoting improvement of the hepatocellular insufficiency. Histochemically, an increase in ACP and a decrease in SDH activity were observed in S. mansoni infected liver. The activity of these enzymes returned to normal after treatment with TCBZ. It could be concluded that TCBZ has no direct toxic effect on the hepatocytes. In experimental schistosomiasis TCBZ improved the liver pathology and enzymatic activity of the hepatocytes

Influence of cancer on the enzyme performance of DNA-ALKYL transferase, lactic dehydrogen, acid and alkaline phosphatase in human blood

Since it was reported that cancer exhibits a greater rate of aerobic glycolysis than normal tissue, there have been numerous efforts to identify enzymatic defects in cancer tissue. Attempts have been made to use enzyme assays as a diagnostic tool in cancer and cancer follow up. Abnormal enzyme activity patterns of human plasma frequently reflect those of tissues in disease conditions. In our study, human serum acid phosphatase [AcP], lactic dehydrogenase [LDH], and alkaline phosphatase [AIP] were studied biochemically to evaluate the total enzyme activity among fifty cancer patients in comparison to twenty healthy individuals. Cancer cases involved cases of breast, liver, bone, prostate, lung and oral cancers. The results showed that 46% of cancer patients had elevated levels of AcP, 68% had elevated levels of LDH and 36% had elevated levels of AIP. Since cancer reflect to a greater extent the environmental exposure background, the intensity of human serum O [6]-alkyl guanine DNA-alkyl transferase [ATase] was detected by western blotting immuno-assay in sera of cancer patients in comparison to healthy individuals. The levels of ATase were higher among cancerous patients. The results suggest that the assay of enzymes in serum of cancer patients may serve as a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of cancer and to study the degree of cancer progression or the feasibility of cancer treatment

Cytochemical & ultrastructural alteration of cytoplasmic granules of rat peripheral blood neutrophils induced by chronic alcoholism & malnutrition.

The specific influence of malnutrition on the pathophysiologic changes induced by chronic alcoholism is controversial. In an attempt to determine and demarcate the effects of protein malnutrition from those produced by alcoholism and to evaluate the precise effect of alcohol per se on cytochemical and ultrastructural properties of rat polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) granules, we investigated the influence of chronic protein malnutrition or chronic alcoholism alone and in combination, in rats. After a 4 month experimental period various PMN properties, such as cytochemical, morphometrical and ultrastructural, as well as neutrophil functions were studied. It was found that the degree of damage of PMNs induced either by ethanol or protein malnutrition alone was similar whereas their combination led to worsening of all markers of PMN functional ability. Ultrastructural changes of neutrophil granules including reduction, redistribution and atypical accumulation as well as appearance of autophagic vacuoles, confirmed their alteration which was emphasised by the additive pathophysiological interaction of alcoholism and chronic hypoprotein malnutrition.

Efecto oxidativo de la sobrecarga hepática de cobre / Oxidative effect of hepatic copper overload

A efectos de evaluar la citoxicidad de la excesiva producción de radicales libres en hígado, se estudió la lipoperoxidación en estructuras subcelulares y el estado de algunos componentes de los sistemas antioxidantes. Con tal fin se indujo la generación de radicales libres mediante la sobrecarga hepática de cobre y se determinaron los niveles de compuestos reactivos al ácido tiobarbitúrico en homogenatos y fracciones subcelulares de hepatocitos, la actividad de la enzima Cu-Zn superoxido dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD) y la concentración de glutatión reducido (GSH). Ratas Wistar hembras, fueron dosificados con 0,2 por ciento de CuSO4 en el agua a fin de inducir la sobrecarga hepática de cobre. En suero se determinaron los niveles de cobre y la actividad de la fosfatasa ácida. En la semana doce de iniciado el ensayo, seis ratas dosificadas con CuSO4 fueron sacrificadas, junto con tres controles. Otras seis ratas del grupo dosificado fueron sacrificadas en la semana 16, momento de incremento de la actividad sérica de la fosfatase ácida, junto con tres ratas del grupo control. Se observó un alto contenido de cobre en los hígados provenientes de las ratas tratadas y evidencia de peroxidación de lfpidos en homogenatos y fracciones subcelulares. Esto fue vinculado con un incremento en la actividad de la Cu-Zn-SOD y con disminución de los niveles de GSH. Puede ser argumentado que los altos niveles de cobre inducirfan a un incremento en la actividad de la Cu-Zn-SOD y a una disminución de la concentración de GSH. Adicionalmente, en este trabajo ha sido evidenciado que la sobrecarga hepática de cobre promueve la peroxidación de lípidos.

Staging of prostatic carcinoma; comparative role of prostate specific antigen [PSA] and prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP]

OBJECTIVE: 1]. To see the comparative role of serum prostate specific antigen [PSA] and prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP] in the pre-operative staging of prostatic cancer. 2]. Their significance in different grades and different tumor volumes. SETTING: Mayo Hospital Lahore. PERIOD: Sep 1993 to Feb 1995. DESIGN Case study. METHODS We evaluated 50 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate [Group A]. Fifty benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH] patients serum PSA and PAP was done in all the cases. Tumour volume was measured by transrectal ultrasonography [TRUS] and were divided into 3 groups [<5cc, 5-10cc,> 10cc]. Grading of the tumour was done [Grade I, II and III] on histopathological examination according to the degree of differentiation. In stage ABC and D prostatic carcinoma patients 33.3%, 56.0%, 87.5% and 100% patients had serum PSA level even more than 10mg/ml respectively. On the other hand serum PAP level was within the normal [3.7 u/l] limits in stage A and B prostatic carcinoma patients, while it was raised above the normal limits in 43.7% and 95.5% patients of stage C and D prostatic carcinoma patients. Serum PSA level was raised above the normal [5ng/ml] in 4.5% normal subjects but it was less than 10 ng/ml and 28% of BPH patients. Serum PAP level was raised above the normal in 2% of the BPH patients. Statistically significant difference [P<0.05] in serum PSA value was seen in stage C and D prostatic carcinoma patients when compared with stage A and B prostatic carcinoma and control groups. This was true only in stage D prostatic carcinoma in case of PAP. Estimation of serum PSA level can better predict variable contributions from tumour differentiation and tumour volume as well as BPH

Comparative significance of prostrate specific antigen [PSA] and prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP] in prostatic carcinoma

This randomised control study was conducted at a teaching hospital to study, the comparative rise of serum prostate specific antigen [PSA] and serum prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP] levels is prostatic cancer pate and to observe any relationship between these levels with stage, grade and volume of the tumor. One hundred and thirty seven patients above the age of fifty years were studied in three batches of carcinoma prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal control. Serum PSA and serum PAP levels were estimated alongwith digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography and biopsies in group A and B. Results showed correlation in sernm PSA level rise and stage of carcinoma prostate as well as tumor volume. Serum PAP level rise was only in higher graft and bigger tumor volume. No correlation of both with tumor grade. So it is concluded that the role of serum PAP level as tumor marker for prostate cancer cannot be supported. In spite of limitations, serum PSA level is a far better although not ideal tumor marker for carcinoma of the prostate

Influence of ascorbic acid on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in some metabolically active tissues of aspirin treated rats.

ACP and ALP activities in plasma were increased in aspirin treated groups for a period of seven days. Ascorbic acid supplemented groups showed no significant change in plasma ACP activity, but a significant change in ALP activity was found. ACP and ALP activities in liver and kidney were decreased significantly in aspirin treated animals. ACP activities in liver and kidney in ascorbic acid supplemented groups showed no significant changes. No significant alteration of ALP activity in liver was found in ascorbic acid supplemented group but a significant changes was observed in kidney. Supplementation of ascorbic acid in high doses to rats fed aspirin can restore enzyme activities almost to the normal level.

Sensibilidad de los marcadores del remodelamiento óseo: su modificación en la menopausia, ante la terapia estrogénica de reemplazo y ante una enfermedad metabólica generalizada / Markers of bone turnover, their sensibility to bone remodeling: changes in menopause, in hormone replacement therapy and in a metabolic bone disease

Evalua una batería de marcadores bioquímicos específicos y sensibles para predecir cambios en la velocidad del remodelamiento óseo. Se estudió a mujeres sanas pre y postmenospáusicas y en estas últimas a su vez se evaluó los cambios producidos después de 90 días de una terapia hormonal de reemplazo. Respecto de los marcadores bioquímicos de formación, la FA total aumentó en las postmenospáusicas respecto del grupo premenospáusico (P < 0,0001), al igual que la BGP (1 < 0,01); en cambio, la FA ósea no registró cambios significativos. Luego de la terapia hormonal de reemplazo ninguno de estos marcadores registraron cambios significativos. Todos los marcadores de resorción aumentaron en als mujeres postmenospáusicas. Los convencionales tales como el calcio urinario/creatinina y la hidroxiprolina con un p < 0,01 y p < 0,006 respectivamente. Los nuevos marcadores de resorción presentaron los siguientes cambios: Pyr p < 0,001; 72 por ciento; D-Pyr p < 0,003, 27 por ciento y Crosslaps p < 0,003, 70 por ciento de aumento respectivamente. Ante la terapia estrogénica, si bien los marcadores convencionales no mostraron diferencias significativas respecto del nivel basal, la Pyr disminuyó significativamente en un 15 por ciento (p < 0,03), la D-Pyr en un 15 por ciento (p < 0,04) y los Crosslaps en un 39 por ciento (p < 0,001). También se investigó la precisión diagnóstica de los marcadores bioquímicos en pacientes con un remodelamiento óseo aumentado, como es el caso de enfermedades celíacas. Estas se compararon con los normales que presentaban igual estado estrogénico observándose distintos comportamientos entre pre y postmenospáusicas. La BGP aumentó sólo en las celíacas premenospáusicas (p < 0,003). La FA total en los dos grupos estrogénicos (p < 0,0001 y p < 0,005 respectivamente), al igual que la FA ósea (p < 0,0003 y p< 0,0004, respectivamente). El marcador de resorción D-Pyr no presentó diferencias significativas en ninguno de los dos grupos, la Pyr sílo en las premenopáusicas (p < 0,01). La hidroxiprolina aumentó en ambos (p < 0,04 y p < 0,004, respectivamente), al igual que los Crosslaps (p < 0,001 para los dos grupos estrogénicos)

Marcadores bioquímicos del remodelamiento óseo en mujeres pre y postmenopáusicas / Biochemical markers of bone turnover in pre and postmenopausal women

La disminución o cese de la producción de estrógenos en lamenopausia, ocasiona alteraciones del metabolismo óseo, caracterizadas por la resorción acelerada de tejido óseo. Esta condición es responsable, comúnmente, de la presentación de osteoporosis. Con el objeto de evaluar el estado del remodelamiento óseo, se estudiaron tres grupos de 46 mujeres cada uno: premenopáusicas (A), postmenopáusicas naturales (B) y con ooforectomía bilateral (C) de 41.30 ñ 9.72, 55.93 ñ 7.11 y 50.24 ñ 8.66 años ñ D.E., respectivamente. La concentración (U/L x ñ DE) de fosfatasa alcalina total (FAt), marcador de formación ósea fue 125.88 ñ 65.67, 149.26 ñ 51.48 y 131.18 ñ 57.3 para los grupos A, B y C, respectivamente. Como marcador de resorción ósea se determinó fosfatasa ácida tartrato resistente (FATR), obteniéndose (UI/LxñD.E.) para A: 7,99ñ2.78, B: 9.82ñ2.15 y C: 8.68ñ2.23. Las diferencias entre las medias de los tres grupos fueron significativas para FAt y FATR (p < .001), entre los tres grupos estudiados. Se concluye que la determinación de FAt y FATR, así como de Ca, P y Mg séricos y Ca y P urinarios, permiten evaluar el estado del remodelamiento óseo

Clinical usefulness and diagnostic value of digital rectal examination, prostate specific antigen and serum acid phosphatase, in the early diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia

In seeking to define the relative value of digital rectal examination [DRE], prostate specific antigen [PSA and serum acid phosphatase [SAP] in prostate cancer [CaP] and benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH], a series of 129 patients with symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction were studied prospectively and the findings compared. Out of the total 129 patients evaluated in this study, DRE detected malignancy in 46%, PSA in 32% and significantly elevated SAP suggested malignancy in 45% of cases. The diagnostic value for BPH of these three investigations were also compared with DRE detected BPH in 54%, PSA in 68% and SAP in 55% of patients. Age or the presence [or absence] of an indwelling catheter had no effect on PSA and SAP concentrations. The specificity of PSA for detecting prostate cancer in this study was 58.33% with a sensitivity of 100%, in contrast to values for SAP of 83.33% and 71.4% respectively. It was concluded that the routine use of SAP as a marker for CaP should be abandoned. The use of PSA as a screening test in a group of patients with prostatism appears justified, but with a positive predictive value of only 32%, its use in a general screening programme is not recommended

Total leukocyte acid phosphatase and its isoenzymes in patients with leukemia.

Leukocyte acid phosphatase and its isoenzyme composition was studied in leukemic patients to determine the specificity of different isoenzymes in leukemic leukocytes. It was found that leukocyte acid phosphatase content is significantly increased in ALL, AML, and CML patients, while CLL patients had decreased levels of acid phosphatase. The distribution and intensity of leukocyte ACP isoenzymes vary in respective leukemic condition. Thus isoenzyme 'O' was predominant in AML and CML, while isoenzymes 1, 2 and 3 predominated in ALL. The lack of predominance of isoenzyme 3 was a feature in CLL patients. It was concluded that the isoenzyme patterns, though promising, presented inconclusive picture for diagnosis purpose and further studies on immunochemical characteristics of these isoenzymes are warranted to ascertain their cell specificity.

Modificaciones bioquímicas en el suero de pacientes con criptorquidea / Biochemical alterations in serum of patients with cryptorchidism

Teniendo en cuenta que el criptorquismo es un factor de riesgo de malignidad testicular, fue estudiado el perfil isoenzimático de la fosfatasa alcalina sérica (FAL), en 42 pacientes con criptocardia unilateral o bilateral; los mismos fueron divididos en dos grupos, según que dicho perfil correspondiera al encontrado en dadores sanos (grupo A) o al de pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar cáncer (grupo B). En ambos grupos se efectuó el estudio de la actividad sérica de fosfatasa alcalina total (FAT), fosfatasa ácida total (FAcT), fosfatasa ácida prostática (FAcP), hexosaminidasa (Hex) y fracciones proteicas, comparándose los resultados con los obtenidos para el grupo C o control. Fue observado un incremento de la actividad de FAT en los grupos A y B, notándose niveles elevados de FAcT y FAcP en el 28,0% y 19,0% respectivamente, del grupo A y en el 43,0% y 25,0% del grupo B. La actividad de Hex presentó niveles elevados en el 50,0% y 63,6% de los grupos A y B respectivamente. La relación albúmina/globulinas estuvo disminuida en el 33,3% del grupo A y en el 85,0% del B, a expensas del incremento de las fracciones globulínicas y al descenso de albúmina. Los pacientes del grupo B generalmente no responden a la terapia hormonal ni quirúrgica, mientras los del grupo A sí. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de marcadas modificaciones en el metabolismo proteico, como asimismo en la actividad de algunas enzimas séricas en los pacientes criptorquídicos